181. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Snippet 1: Basic Inheritance in OOP

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Dog barks")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak()  # Output: Dog barks

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Snippet 2: Method Overriding (Polymorphism)

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Cat meows")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Dog barks")

def animal_speak(animal):
    animal.speak()

cat = Cat()
dog = Dog()

animal_speak(cat)  # Output: Cat meows
animal_speak(dog)  # Output: Dog barks

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Snippet 3: Multiple Inheritance

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Mammal:
    def breathe(self):
        print("Mammal breathes")

class Dog(Animal, Mammal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Dog barks")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak()   # Output: Dog barks
dog.breathe() # Output: Mammal breathes

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Snippet 4: Super() to Call Parent Class Methods

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        super().speak()  # Calls Animal's speak method
        print("Dog barks")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak()  # Output: Animal speaks \n Dog barks

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Snippet 5: Abstract Base Classes (ABC)

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Dog barks")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak()  # Output: Dog barks

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Snippet 6: Mixin Classes for Code Reusability

class Flyable:
    def fly(self):
        print("Flying...")

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Bird(Animal, Flyable):
    def speak(self):
        print("Bird chirps")

bird = Bird()
bird.speak()  # Output: Bird chirps
bird.fly()    # Output: Flying...

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Snippet 7: Inheriting Multiple Behaviors with Multiple Inheritance

class Walkable:
    def walk(self):
        print("Walking...")

class Swimable:
    def swim(self):
        print("Swimming...")

class Duck(Walkable, Swimable):
    def quack(self):
        print("Duck quacks")

duck = Duck()
duck.walk()   # Output: Walking...
duck.swim()   # Output: Swimming...
duck.quack()  # Output: Duck quacks

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Snippet 8: Class and Instance Variables in Inheritance

class Animal:
    species = "Generic Animal"

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Dog(Animal):
    species = "Dog"

dog = Dog("Rex")
print(dog.species)  # Output: Dog
print(dog.name)     # Output: Rex

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Snippet 9: Polymorphism with Operator Overloading

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Point({self.x}, {self.y})"

point1 = Point(1, 2)
point2 = Point(3, 4)
point3 = point1 + point2  # Uses the __add__ method
print(point3)  # Output: Point(4, 6)

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Snippet 10: Dynamic Method Binding in OOP (Polymorphism)

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Dog barks")

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Cat meows")

def dynamic_speaker(animal):
    animal.speak()

dog = Dog()
cat = Cat()

dynamic_speaker(dog)  # Output: Dog barks
dynamic_speaker(cat)  # Output: Cat meows

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